Research Report

Misuse of Prescription Drugs Research Report
References

  1. Blanco C, Alderson D, Ogburn E, et al. Changes in the prevalence of non-medical prescription drug use and drug use disorders in the United States: 1991-1992 and 2001-2002. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2007;90(2-3):252-260. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2007.04.005
  2. Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality. Treatment Episode Data Set (TEDS): 2003-2013. National Admissions to Substance Abuse Treatment Services. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration; 2015. https://www.samhsa.gov/.../2013_Treatment_Episode_Data_Set_National.pdf.
  3. Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality. Drug Abuse Warning Network: 2011: Selected Tables of National Estimates of Drug-Related Emergency Department Visits. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration
  4. Jones CM, McAninch JK. Emergency Department Visits and Overdose Deaths From Combined Use of Opioids and Benzodiazepines. Am J Prev Med. 2015;49(4):493-501. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2015.03.040
  5. Rudd RA, Aleshire N, Zibbell JE, Gladden RM. Increases in Drug and Opioid Overdose Deaths—United States, 2000–2014. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2016. https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6450a3.htm?s_cid=mm6450a3_w. Accessed November 7, 2017.
  6. CDC WONDER. Multiple Cause of Death 1999-2021. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center on Health Statistics. Released January 2023. Accessed January 2023.
  7. Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality. Results from the 2017 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: Detailed Tables. Rockville (MD): SAMHSA; 2018. https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2017-nsduh-detailed-tables. Accessed October 19, 2018.
  8. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Vital Signs: Overdoses of Prescription Opioid Pain Relievers --- United States, 1999--2008. https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6043a4.htm. Accessed September 18, 2018.
  9. Manchikanti L, Fellows B, Ailinani H, Pampati V. Therapeutic use, abuse, and nonmedical use of opioids: a ten-year perspective. Pain Physician. 2010;13(5):401-435.
  10. Daniulaityte R, Falck R, Carlson RG. "I'm not afraid of those ones just ‘cause they’ve been prescribed": Perceptions of risk among illicit users of pharmaceutical opioids. Int J Drug Policy. 2012;23(5):374-384. doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2012.01.012
  11. Webster PC. Oxycodone class action lawsuit filed. CMAJ Can Med Assoc J. 2012;184(7):E345-E346. doi:10.1503/cmaj.109-4158
  12.  Qato DM, Alexander GC, Conti RM, Johnson M, Schumm P, Lindau ST. Use of Prescription and Over-the-counter Medications and Dietary Supplements Among Older Adults in the United States. JAMA. 2008;300(24):2867. doi:10.1001/jama.2008.892
  13. Miech R, Johnston L, O’Malley PM, Keyes KM, Heard K. Prescription Opioids in Adolescence and Future Opioid Misuse. Pediatrics. 2015;136(5):e1169-e1177. doi:10.1542/peds.2015-1364
  14. Mack KA, Jones CM, Paulozzi LJ. Vital Signs: Overdoses of Prescription Opioid Pain Relievers and Other Drugs Among Women—United States, 1999–2010.; 2013:537-542. https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6226a3.htm. Accessed January 31, 2018.
  15. Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality. Results from the 2017 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: Detailed Tables. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration; 2018.
  16. Miech R, Schulenberg J, Johnston L, Bachman J, O’Malley P, Patrick M. Monitoring the Future National Adolescent Drug Trends in 2017: Findings Released. Ann Arbor, MI: Institute for Social Research, The University of Michigan; 2017. https://monitoringthefuture.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/17drugpr.pdf. Accessed January 2, 2018.
  17. McCabe SE, West BT, Teter CJ, Boyd CJ. Medical and nonmedical use of prescription opioids among high school seniors in the United States. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2012;166(9):797-802. doi:10.1001/archpediatrics.2012.85
  18. Boyd CJ, Esteban S, Teter CJ. Medical and nonmedical use of prescription pain medication by youth in a Detroit-area public school district. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2006;81(1):37-45. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2005.05.017
  19. McCabe SE, Teter CJ, Boyd CJ. Illicit use of prescription pain medication among college students. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2005;77(1):37-47. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2004.07.005
  20. Young AM, Glover N, Havens JR. Nonmedical use of prescription medications among adolescents in the United States: a systematic review. J Adolesc Health Off Publ Soc Adolesc Med. 2012;51(1):6-17. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2012.01.011
  21. Wang R, Chen L, Fan L, et al. Incidence and Effects of Polypharmacy on Clinical Outcome among Patients Aged 80+: A Five-Year Follow-Up Study. PloS One. 2015;10(11):e0142123. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0142123
  22. Cotto JH, Davis E, Dowling GJ, Elcano JC, Staton AB, Weiss SRB. Gender effects on drug use, abuse, and dependence: a special analysis of results from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health. Gend Med. 2010;7(5):402-413. doi:10.1016/j.genm.2010.09.004
  23. CDC Vital Signs: Prescription Painkiller Overdoses: A growing epidemic, especially among women. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/vitalsigns/prescriptionpainkilleroverdoses/index.html. Published March 23, 2017. Accessed March 27, 2017.
  24. Ronan MV, Herzig SJ. Hospitalizations Related To Opioid Abuse/Dependence And Associated Serious Infections Increased Sharply, 2002-12. Health Aff Proj Hope. 2016;35(5):832-837. doi:10.1377/hlthaff.2015.1424
  25. Jones CM, Paulozzi LJ, Mack KA. Alcohol Involvement in Opioid Pain Reliever and Benzodiazepine Drug Abuse–Related Emergency Department Visits and Drug-Related Deaths—United States, 2010. https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6340a1.htm. Accessed September 18, 2018.
  26. Pentel P. Toxicity of Over-the-Counter Stimulants. JAMA. 1984;252(14):1898-1903.
  27. Gutstein H, Akil H. Opioid Analgesics. In: Goodman & Gilman’s the Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 11th ed. McGraw-Hill; 2006:547-590.
  28. Dowell D, Haegerich TM, Chou R. CDC Guideline for Prescribing Opioids for Chronic Pain—United States, 2016.; 2016. https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/rr/rr6501e1.htm. Accessed September 18, 2018.
  29. Lee M, Silverman SM, Hansen H, Patel VB, Manchikanti L. A comprehensive review of opioid-induced hyperalgesia. Pain Physician. 2011;14(2):145-161.
  30. Hart C, Ksir C. Drugs, Society, and Human Behavior. 15 edition. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education; 2012.
  31. Jones CM, Lurie PG, Throckmorton DC. Effect of US Drug Enforcement Administration’s Rescheduling of Hydrocodone Combination Analgesic Products on Opioid Analgesic Prescribing. JAMA Intern Med. 2016;176(3):399-402. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2015.7799
  32. Oxycodone: MedlinePlus Drug Information. https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a682132.html. Accessed September 18, 2018.
  33. Oxymorphone: MedlinePlus Drug Information. https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a610022.html. Accessed September 18, 2018.
  34. Cicero TJ, Ellis MS. Abuse-Deterrent Formulations and the Prescription Opioid Abuse Epidemic in the United States: Lessons Learned From OxyContin. JAMA Psychiatry. 2015;72(5):424-430. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2014.3043
  35. O’Brien CP, Dackis C. Principles of the Pharmacotherapy of Addictive Disorders. In: Neurobiology of Mental Illness. Third. Oxford University Press; 2006.
  36. O’Brien CP. Drug Addiction and Drug Abuse. In: Goodman & Gilman’s the Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 11th ed. McGraw-Hill; 2006:607-627.
  37. Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on Advancing Pain Research, Care, and Education. Relieving Pain in America: A Blueprint for Transforming Prevention, Care, Education, and Research. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2011. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK91497/.
  38. Chou R, Turner JA, Devine EB, et al. The effectiveness and risks of long-term opioid therapy for chronic pain: a systematic review for a National Institutes of Health Pathways to Prevention Workshop. Ann Intern Med. 2015;162(4):276-286. doi:10.7326/M14-2559
  39. Hypnotics and Sedatives. In: Goodman & Gilman’s the Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 11th ed. McGraw-Hill; 2006.
  40. Gunja N. The clinical and forensic toxicology of Z-drugs. J Med Toxicol Off J Am Coll Med Toxicol. 2013;9(2):155-162. doi:10.1007/s13181-013-0292-0
  41. Sellers EM. Alcohol, barbiturate and benzodiazepine withdrawal syndromes: clinical management. CMAJ Can Med Assoc J. 1988;139(2):113-120.
  42. Ciccarone D. Stimulant Abuse: Pharmacology, Cocaine, Methamphetamine, Treatment, Attempts at Pharmacotherapy. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3056348/. Accessed September 18, 2018.
  43. Scammell TE. Narcolepsy. N Engl J Med. 2015;373(27):2654-2662. doi:10.1056/NEJMra1500587
  44. Santosh PJ, Sattar S, Canagaratnam M. Efficacy and tolerability of pharmacotherapies for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults. CNS Drugs. 2011;25(9):737-763. doi:10.2165/11593070-000000000-00000
  45. Corp SA, Gitlin MJ, Altshuler LL. A review of the use of stimulants and stimulant alternatives in treating bipolar depression and major depressive disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 2014;75(9):1010-1018. doi:10.4088/JCP.13r08851
  46.  Westfall T, Westfall D. Adrenergic Agonists and Antagonists. In: Goodman & Gilman’s the Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. Vol 11. McGraw-Hill; 2006:237-295.
  47. McCabe SE, West BT. Medical and Nonmedical Use of Prescription Stimulants: Results From a National Multicohort Study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2013;52(12):1272-1280. doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2013.09.005
  48. Schelle KJ, Faulmuller N, Caviola L, Hewstone M. Attitudes toward pharmacological cognitive enhancement—a review. Front Syst Neurosci. 2014;8. doi:10.3389/fnsys.2014.00053
  49. Caldwell JA, Caldwell JL. Fatigue in military aviation: an overview of US military-approved pharmacological countermeasures. Aviat Space Environ Med. 2005;76(7 Suppl):C39-C51.
  50. Hyman SE. Cognitive Enhancement: Promises and Perils. Neuron. 2011;69(4):595-598. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2011.02.012
  51. Tolia VN, Patrick SW, Bennett MM, et al. Increasing incidence of the neonatal abstinence syndrome in U.S. neonatal ICUs. N Engl J Med. 2015;372(22):2118-2126. doi:10.1056/NEJMsa1500439
  52. Patrick SW, Davis MM, Lehmann CU, Cooper WO. Increasing incidence and geographic distribution of neonatal abstinence syndrome: United States 2009 to 2012. J Perinatol Off J Calif Perinat Assoc. 2015;35(8):650-655. doi:10.1038/jp.2015.36
  53. National Center for Health Statistics. Amublatory Care Use and Physician Office Visits.
  54. Center for Drug Evaluation and Research. Safe Disposal of Medicines—Disposal of Unused Medicines: What You Should Know. https://www.fda.gov/drugs/safe-disposal-medicines/disposal-unused-medicines-what-you-should-know. Accessed September 18, 2018.
  55. Simon K, Worthy SL, Barnes MC, Tarbell B. Abuse-deterrent formulations: transitioning the pharmaceutical market to improve public health and safety. Ther Adv Drug Saf. 2015;6(2):67-79. doi:10.1177/2042098615569726
  56. Maldonado R, Baños JE, Cabañero D. The endocannabinoid system and neuropathic pain. Pain. 2016;157 Suppl 1:S23-S32. doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000428
  57. National Institute on Drug Abuse. Principles of Drug Addiction Treatment: A Research-Based Guide (Third Edition). Bethesda, MD: National Institutes of Health; 2012. Accessed January 31, 2018.
  58. Volkow ND, Frieden TR, Hyde PS, Cha SS. Medication-assisted therapies—tackling the opioid-overdose epidemic. N Engl J Med. 2014;370(22):2063-2066. doi:10.1056/NEJMp1402780
  59. Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality. Treatment Episode Data Set (TEDS) 2002 - 2012: National Admissions to Substance Abuse Treatment Services. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration; 2014. https://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/TEDS2012N_Web.pdf.
  60. Jones CM, Campopiano M, Baldwin G, McCance-Katz E. National and state treatment need and capacity for opioid agonist medication-assisted treatment. Am J Public Health. 2015;105(8):e55-e63. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2015.302664
  61. Obama Administration Takes More Actions to Address the Prescription Opioid and Heroin Epidemic. https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2016/07/05/obama-administration-takes-more-actions-address-prescription-opioid-and.
  62. Fiellin DA, Schottenfeld RS, Cutter CJ, Moore BA, Barry DT, O’Connor PG. Primary care-based buprenorphine taper vs maintenance therapy for prescription opioid dependence: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Intern Med. 2014;174(12):1947-1954. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2014.5302
  63. D’Onofrio G, O’Connor PG, Pantalon MV, et al. Emergency department-initiated buprenorphine/naloxone treatment for opioid dependence: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2015;313(16):1636-1644. doi:10.1001/jama.2015.3474
  64. Gordon MS, Kinlock TW, Schwartz RP, Fitzgerald TT, O’Grady KE, Vocci FJ. A randomized controlled trial of prison-initiated buprenorphine: prison outcomes and community treatment entry. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2014;142:33-40. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.05.011
  65. Kinlock TW, Gordon MS, Schwartz RP, O’Grady K, Fitzgerald TT, Wilson M. A randomized clinical trial of methadone maintenance for prisoners: results at 1-month post-release. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2007;91(2-3):220-227. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2007.05.022
  66. Lee JD, Friedmann PD, Kinlock TW, et al. Extended-Release Naltrexone to Prevent Opioid Relapse in Criminal Justice Offenders. N Engl J Med. 2016;374(13):1232-1242. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1505409
  67. Darker C, Sweeney B, Barry J, Farrell MF, Donnelly-Swift E. Psychosocial interventions to reduce sedative use, abuse and dependence. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. /CD009652/ADDICTN_psychosocial-interventions-to-reduce-sedative-use-abuse-and-dependence. Accessed September 18, 2018.
  68. Jones JD, Mogali S, Comer SD. Polydrug abuse: a review of opioid and benzodiazepine combination use. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2012;125(1-2):8-18. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2012.07.004
  69. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality. Treatment Episode Data Set (TEDS): 2020. Admissions to and Discharges from Publicly Funded Substance Use Treatment Facilities. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 2022.
October 2011