- National Drug Intelligence Center. The economic impact of illicit drug use on American society. Washington, DC: United States Department of Justice, 2011.
- Rehm J, Mathers C, Popova S, Thavorncharoensap M, Teerawattananon Y, Patra J. Global burden of disease and injury and economic cost attributable to alcohol use and alcohol-use disorders. Lancet 373(9682):2223-2233, 2009.
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Best Practices for Comprehensive Tobacco Control Programs—2014. Atlanta: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health, 2014.
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020, March 20). Drug and Opioid-Involved Overdose Deaths—United States, 2017–2018. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Reports. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6911a4.htm
- U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. The Health Consequences of Smoking—50 Years of Progress: A Report of the Surgeon General. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health, 2014.
- Tice P, Lipari R, van Horn S. Substance Use among 12th Grade Aged Youths, by Dropout Status. Rockville, MD: Center for Health Statistics and Quality, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Administration; 2017. https://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/report_3196/ShortReport-3196.pdf. Accessed June 4, 2018.
- Chen C-Y, Storr CL, Anthony JC. Early-onset drug use and risk for drug dependence problems. Addict Behav. 2009;34(3):319- 322. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2008.10.021
- Lander L, Howsare J, Byrne M. The impact of substance use disorders on families and children: from theory to practice. Soc Work Public Health. 2013;28(0):194-205. doi:10.1080/19371918.2013.759005
- Simmons LA, Havens JR, Whiting JB, Holz JL, Bada H. Illicit drug use among women with children in the United States: 2002–2003. Ann Epidemiol. 2009;19(3):187-193. doi:10.1016/j.annepidem.2008.12.007
- Shankaran S, Lester BM, Das A, Bauer CR, Bada HS, Lagasse L, Higgins R. Impact of maternal substance use during pregnancy on childhood outcome. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med 12(2): 143-150, 2007.
- Goldstein RZ, Volkow ND. Dysfunction of the prefrontal cortex in addiction: neuroimaging findings and clinical implications. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2011;12(11):652-669. doi:10.1038/nrn3119
- Fowler JS, Volkow ND, Kassed CA, Chang L. Imaging the addicted human brain. Sci Pract Perspect 3(2):4-16, 2007.
- Grant B, S Stinson F, Harford T. Grant BF, Stinson FS, Harford TC. Age at onset of alcohol use and DSM-IV alcohol abuse and dependence: a 12-year follow-up. J Subst Abuse. 2001;13:493-504. doi:10.1016/S0899-3289(01)00096-7
- Zucker RA, Donovan JE, Masten AS, Mattson ME, Moss HB. Early developmental processes and the continuity of risk for underage drinking and problem drinking. Pediatrics. 2008;121 Suppl 4:S252-S272. doi:10.1542/peds.2007-2243B
- DiClemente CC, Fairhurst SK, Piotrowski NA. Self-efficacy and addictive behaviors. In: Self-Efficacy, Adaptation, and Adjustment: Theory, Research, and Application. The Plenum series in social/clinical psychology. New York, NY, US: Plenum Press; 1995:109-141.
- Hill KG, Hawkins JD, Catalano RF, Abbott RD, Guo J. Family influences on the risk of daily smoking initiation. J Adolesc Health Off Publ Soc Adolesc Med. 2005;37(3):202-210. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2004.08.014
- Guo J, Hawkins JD, Hill KG, Abbott RD. Childhood and adolescent predictors of alcohol abuse and dependence in young adulthood. J Stud Alcohol. 2001;62(6):754-762.
- Brook JS, Brook DW, Gordon AS, Whiteman M, Cohen P. The psychosocial etiology of adolescent drug use: a family interactional approach. Genet Soc Gen Psychol Monogr. 1990;116(2):111-267.
- Duncan GJ, Wilkerson B, England P. Cleaning up their act: The effects of marriage and cohabitation on licit and illicit drug use. Demography. 2006;43(4):691-710. doi:10.1353/dem.2006.0032
- Chassin L, Pitts SC, Prost J. Binge drinking trajectories from adolescence to emerging adulthood in a high-risk sample: predictors and substance abuse outcomes. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2002;70(1):67-78.
- Sher KJ, Rutledge PC. Heavy drinking across the transition to college: predicting first-semester heavy drinking from precollege variables. Addict Behav. 2007;32(4):819-835. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2006.06.024
- Bond L, Butler H, Thomas L, et al. Social and school connectedness in early secondary school as predictors of late teenage substance use, mental health, and academic outcomes. J Adolesc Health Off Publ Soc Adolesc Med. 2007;40(4):357.e9-e18. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2006.10.013
- Brook JS, Kessler RC, Cohen P. The onset of marijuana use from preadolescence and early adolescence to young adulthood. Dev Psychopathol. 1999;11(4):901-914.
- Herting JR, Guest AM. Components of satisfaction with local areas in the metropolis. Sociol Q. 1985;26(1):99-116. doi:10.1111/j.1533-8525.1985.tb00218.x
- Hawkins JD, Arthur MW, Catalano RF. Preventing substance abuse. Crime Justice. 1995;19:343-427. doi:10.1086/449234
- Chalk R, Phillips DA. Youth Development and Neighborhood Influences: Challenges and Opportunities. National Academies Press; 1997.
- Bevilacqua L, Goldman D. Genes and addictions. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2009;85(4):359-361. doi:10.1038/clpt.2009.6
- Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Mental and Substance Use Disorders. https://www.samhsa.gov/disorders. Published June 20, 2014. Accessed June 4, 2018.
- Biederman J, Faraone SV, Monuteaux MC, Feighner JA. Patterns of alcohol and drug use in adolescents can be predicted by parental substance use disorders. Pediatrics. 2000;106(4):792-797.
- Whitesell M, Bachand A, Peel J, Brown M. Familial, social, and individual factors contributing to risk for adolescent substance use. Journal of Addiction. https://www.hindawi.com/journals/jad/2013/579310/. Published 2013. Accessed June 4, 2018.
- Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Mental and Substance Use Disorders. https://www.samhsa.gov/disorders. Published June 20, 2014. Accessed June 4, 2018.
- Lynskey MT, Heath AC, Bucholz KK, Slutske WS, Madden PAF,Nelson EC, Statham DJ, Martin NG. Escalation of drug use in early onset cannabis users vs co-twin controls. JAMA 289: 427-33, 2003.
- Squeglia LM, Jacobus J, Tapert SF. The influence of substance use on adolescent brain development. Clin Neurosci Soc ENCS. 2009;40(1):31-38.
- Verebey K, Gold MS. From coca leaves to crack: the effects of dose and routes of administration in abuse liability. Psychiatr Annals 18:513–520, 1988.
- Hatsukami DK, Fischman MW. Crack cocaine and cocaine hydrochloride: Are the differences myth or reality. JAMA 276:1580-1588, 1996.
- Krohn MD, Lizotte AJ, Perez CM. The interrelationship between substance use and precocious transitions to adult statuses. J Health Soc Behav 38(1):87-103, 1997.
- Gogtay N, Giedd JN, Lusk L, Hayashi KM, Greenstein D, Vaituzis AC, Nugent TF 3rd, Herman DH, Clasen LS, Toga AW, Rapoport JL, Thompson PM. Dynamic mapping of human cortical development during childhood through early adulthood. Proc Natl Acad Sci 101(21):8174-8179, 2004.
- National Institute on Drug Abuse. Preventing Drug Abuse among Children and Adolescents: A Research-Based Guide for Parents, Educators, and Community Leaders (Second Edition) (NIH Publication No. 04-4212[A]). Rockville, MD, 2003.
- Johnston, LD, O’Malley, PM, Miech, RA, Bachman, JG, & Schulenberg, JE (2014). Monitoring the Future national survey results on drug use: 1975-2013: Overview, key findings on adolescent drug use. Ann Arbor: Institute for Social Research, The University of Michigan.
- Washington State Institute for Public Policy. (2017). Benefit cost results. Retrieved from http://www.wsipp.wa.gov/BenefitCost?topicId=. Accessed on June 14, 2018.
- El-Bassel N, Shaw SA, Dasgupta A, Strathdee SA. Drug use as a driver of HIV risks: re-emerging and emerging issues. Curr Opin HIV AIDS. 2014;9(2):150-155. doi:10.1097/COH.0000000000000035
- Klevens RM, Hu DJ, Jiles R, Holmberg SD. Evolving epidemiology of hepatitis C virus in the United States. Clin Infect Dis Off Publ Infect Dis Soc Am. 2012;55 Suppl 1:S3-S9. doi:10.1093/cid/cis393
- Moss R, Munt B. Injection drug use and right sided endocarditis. Heart. 2003;89(5):577-581.
- Kelly TM, Daley DC. Integrated treatment of substance use and psychiatric disorders. Soc Work Public Health. 2013;28(0):388-406. doi:10.1080/19371918.2013.774673
- Ross S, Peselow E. Co-occurring psychotic and addictive disorders: neurobiology and diagnosis. Clin Neuropharmacol. 2012;35(5):235-243. doi:10.1097/WNF.0b013e318261e193
- Ko JY, Wolicki S, Barfield WD, et al. CDC Grand Rounds: public health strategies to prevent neonatal abstinence syndrome. MMWR: Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2017;66. doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6609a2
- National Cancer Institute. Secondhand Smoke and Cancer. National Cancer Institute. https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/tobacco/second-hand-smoke-fact-sheet. Published January 12, 2011. Accessed June 4, 2018.
- Röhrich J, Schimmel I, Zörntlein S, et al. Concentrations of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol and 11-nor-9-carboxytetrahydrocannabinol in blood and urine after passive exposure to Cannabis smoke in a coffee shop. J Anal Toxicol. 2010;34(4):196-203.
- Cone EJ, Bigelow GE, Herrmann ES, et al. Non-smoker exposure to secondhand cannabis smoke. I. Urine screening and confirmation results. J Anal Toxicol. 2015;39(1):1-12. doi:10.1093/jat/bku116
- Zibbell JE, Asher AK, Patel RC, et al. Increases in acute hepatitis C virus infection related to a growing opioid epidemic and associated injection drug use, United States, 2004 to 2014. Am J Public Health. 2018;108(2). https://ajph.aphapublications.org/ doi/10.2105/AJPH.2017.304132. Accessed June 4, 2018.
- Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality. Results from the 2016 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: Detailed Tables. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration; 2017.
- Volkow ND, Chang L, Wang GJ, Fowler JS, Franceschi D, Sedler M, Gatley SJ, Miller E, Hitzemann R, Ding YS, Logan J. Loss of dopamine transporters in methamphetamine abusers recovers with protracted abstinence. J Neurosci 21(23):9414-9418, 2001.
- McLellan AT, Lewis DC, O’Brien CP, Kleber HD. Drug dependence, a chronic medical illness: implications for treatment, insurance, and outcomes evaluation. JAMA 284(13):1689-1695, 2000.