Overview of Justice System Research Initiatives

NIDA funds a broad portfolio of research addressing drug abuse in the context of the justice system. Drug abuse and crime are highly correlated in both the adult criminal justice system and the juvenile justice system. Estimates suggest that over half of individuals in prison and nearly two thirds of individuals in jails met criteria for drug dependence or misuse.1 Among adolescents involved in serious offenses, substance dependence or misuse is approximately 3-4 times higher than that of the general population of adolescents.2 In addition to a portfolio of independent research projects, NIDA has funded four major multisite initiatives to address the myriad issues at the intersection of the criminal justice system and substance use and misuse. These initiatives include:

  1. Collaborative Network to End the HIV Epidemic and Address Addiction in the Criminal Justice System (CONNECT, 2024-2029)
  2. The Justice Community Opioid Innovation Network (JCOIN; 2019-2024)
  3. The Juvenile Justice Translational Research on Interventions for Adolescents in the Legal System (JJ-TRIALS; 2013-2019)
  4. Seek, Test, and Treat: Addressing HIV in the Criminal Justice System (STTR; 2010-2017)
  5. Criminal Justice Drug Abuse Treatment Studies (CJ-DATS; 2002-2014)

Collaborative Network to End the HIV Epidemic and Address Addiction in the Criminal Justice System (CONNECT)

NIDA launched the Collaborative Network to End the HIV Epidemic and Address Addiction in the Criminal Justice System (CONNECT) in 2024 to address significant service delivery gaps at all points of the SUD and HIV care cascades for justice-involved populations.

Populations identified in the federal Ending the HIV Epidemic Initiative are over-represented in the criminal legal system. A robust toolkit of clinical interventions to diagnose, treat, and prevent HIV exists, but more research is needed to effectively provide integrated HIV and SUD services to justice-involved populations. Collectively, CONNECT will focus on developing scalable models for delivering HIV diagnostic, prevention and treatment services for individuals with SUDs who are involved in the criminal legal system.

The CONNECT Initiative includes a collection of research and capacity-building projects designed to generate real-world evidence to address the unique needs of individuals with HIV and SUD as they transition between the criminal-legal system and the community.

The CONNECT Initiative consists of 8 grant awards, including 7 academic regional research hubs and a patient engagement resource center.

The Regional Research Hubs conduct multisite clinical trials that each involve three or more communities, engaging with criminal legal system and HIV/SUD service providers. These studies focus on expanding the use of evidence-based medications, behavioral interventions, digital therapeutics, and comprehensive patient-centered treatments in criminal-legal systems across the US in communities that are experiencing a disproportionate HIV burden. These projects include a planning phase to encourage project teams to build cross-system collaborations. A set of core measures will be used to facilitate collaboration and harmonization of data across studies.

The Patient Engagement Resource Center (PERC) partners with patients and others having lived experience with HIV, SUD, and the criminal-legal system to develop a research advisory/consultation model that can support the Regional Research Hub projects. The PERC also conducts original research to identify key access and utilization barriers to HIV/SUD services for individuals with criminal-legal involvement; and pilot test potential solutions. The PERC employs user-centered design principles to inform both research and practice, in order to better engage populations involved in the criminal legal system in HIV and SUD prevention, treatment, recovery, and harm reduction.

HIV/Justice Regional Research Hubs:

Patient Engagement Resource Center:

Questions about CONNECT can be addressed to Carrie Mulford. 

Justice Community Opioid Innovation Network (JCOIN)

Justice Community Opioid Innovation Network (JCOIN)

NIDA launched the Justice Community Opioid Innovation Network (JCOIN) in 2019 to address gaps in OUD treatment and related services in a wide range of criminal legal settings, including jails and prisons, probation and parole, drug and other problem-solving courts, and juvenile justice agencies.

JCOIN includes a collection of research and capacity-building projects to identify effective treatment service delivery models, test implementation strategies to promote their use, and engage practitioners in research and dissemination activities. JCOIN supports more than 70 distinct study protocols, including multisite clinical trials; public opinion surveys and national jail, prison, and court surveys; policy scans; simulation, geospatial, and predictive modeling projects; and a pilot grants program.

Together, these studies are designed to generate real-world evidence to address the unique needs of individuals with OUD as they transition between the criminal-legal system and the community.

Funding for JCOIN is provided primarily by the NIH HEAL Initiative, with additional projects supported directly by NIDA. Supplementary funds to support JCOIN’s training, technical assistance, and related activities are provided by the Bureau of Justice Assistance within the US Department of Justice.

JCOIN Components and Institutions

JCOIN consists of 14 major grant awards, including 12 academic research hubs and two large infrastructure support centers that also conduct complementary research.

The Research Hubs conduct large multisite clinical trials that each involve five or more communities, engaging with justice settings and with local service providers. These studies focus on expanding the use of evidence-based medications, behavioral interventions, digital therapeutics, and comprehensive patient-centered treatments in criminal-legal systems across 27 states and Puerto Rico. A set of core measures facilitates collaboration and harmonization of data across studies. 

The Coordination and Translation Center (CTC) manages network logistics, engagement with practitioners and other key stakeholders in the justice and behavioral health fields, and dissemination of products and key research findings. The CTC also conducts research to identify effective dissemination strategies for reaching criminal justice stakeholders and provides funding for innovative, rapid-turnaround pilot studies. An educational component provides mentorship and support to early-career researchers and practitioners on conducting rigorous studies in justice settings.

The Methodology and Advanced Analytic Resource Center (MAARC) provides data infrastructure and statistical and analytic expertise to support individual JCOIN studies and cross-site data harmonization. The MAARC also conducts novel empirical research to understand changes in state policies, public opinion, and service delivery within the criminal justice system as they relate to the opioid crisis; and develops predictive, simulation, and geospatial models to provide a broader perspective on service delivery needs, contexts, and decision points.

JCOIN Research Hubs and Clinical Trials

JCOIN Infrastructure Support Centers:

Questions about JCOIN can be addressed to Tisha Wiley.

Juvenile Justice Translational Research on Interventions for Adolescents in the Legal System (JJ-TRIALS)

JJ-Trials

NIDA’s Juvenile Justice Translational Research on Interventions for Adolescents in the Legal System (JJ-TRIALS) was a multisite cooperative agreement that launched in 2013 and ended in 2018. JJ-TRIALS was a seven-site cooperative research program designed to identify and test strategies for improving the delivery of evidence-based substance abuse and HIV prevention and treatment services for justice-involved youth. Virtually all justice-involved youth could benefit from HIV and substance misuse prevention and/or treatment interventions. Many evidence-based interventions targeting adolescent substance misuse and HIV screening, assessment, prevention, and treatment currently exist. Unfortunately, implementation of these interventions within juvenile justice settings is variable, incomplete, and non-systematic at best.

The JJ-TRIALS cooperative fielded three interrelated studies:

  • A longitudinal, nationally representative survey of juvenile justice community supervision agencies about policies and practices related to substance use assessment and service delivery. National survey data was collected in 2014 and 2017. In addition to community supervision agencies, the national survey also collected supplemental data from the perspective of juvenile justice judges and behavioral health agencies that work with justice involved youth in the surveyed communities. Key findings from the national survey can be found in the following publications:
    • Scott, C. K., Dennis, M. L., Grella, C. E., Funk, R. R., & Lurigio, A. J. (2019). Juvenile justice systems of care: Results of a national survey of community supervision agencies and behavioral health providers on services provision and cross-system interactions. Health & Justice, 7, 11. doi:10.1186/s40352-019-0093-x
    • Robertson, A., Hiller, M., Dembo, R., Dennis, M., Scott, C., Henry, B.F., & Elkington, K. (2019). National survey of juvenile community supervision agency practices and caregiver involvement in behavioral health treatment. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 1-11.
    • Elkington, K.S., Robertson, A.A., Knight, D.K., Gardner, S.K. Funk, R.F., Dennis, M.L., … DiClemente, R. (2020). HIV/STI service delivery within juvenile community supervision agencies: A national survey of practices and approaches to moving high-risk youth through the HIV care cascade. AIDS Patient Care and STDs, 34(2). doi: 10.1089/apc.2019.0157
    • Funk, R., Knudsen, H.K., McReynolds, L.S., Bartkowski, J.P., Elkington, K.S., Steele, E.H., Sales, J.M., & Scott, C.K. (2020). Substance use prevention services in juvenile justice and behavioral health: Results from a national survey. Health and Justice, 8(11).
  • A 36-site cluster-randomized control trial (RCT) comparing different approaches to systems improvements efforts aimed at improving the identification of substance misuse service needs among justice involved youth and delivery of services to address those needs. Juvenile justice sites partnered with local behavioral health agencies to set tailored goals around how to reduce unmet needs for justice involved youth. This RCT was guided by an implementation science framework and focused on which elements of an implementation interventions led to the most changes in unmet service needs.
  • A publication describing the protocol in full can be found here (open access): Knight, D. K., Belenko, S., Wiley, T., Robertson, A. A., Arrigona, N., Dennis, M., Bartkowski, J. P., McReynolds, L. S., Becan, J. E., Knudsen, H. K., Wasserman, G. A., Rose, E., Diclimente, R. & Leukefeld, C. (2016). Juvenile Justice—Translational Research on Interventions for Adolescents in the Legal System (JJ-TRIALS): a cluster randomized trial targeting system-wide improvement in substance use services. Implementation Science, 11(1), 57. doi:10.1186/s13012-016-0423-5
  • The concept of a behavioral health services cascade, which is the measurement framework for the study is described in the following publication: Belenko, S., Knight, D., Wasserman, G. A., Dennis, M. L., Wiley, T., Taxman, F. S., Oser, C., Dembo, R., Robertson, A. A., & Sales, J. The Juvenile Justice Behavioral Health Services Cascade: A new framework for measuring unmet substance use treatment services needs among adolescent offenders. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 74, 80-91. doi:10.1016/j.jsat.2016.12.012
  • Key findings from the RCT can be found in the following publications:
    • Knight, D.K., Joe, G.W., Morse, D.T., Smith, C., Knudsen, H., Johnson, I., … Wiley, T.R.A. (2019). Organizational context and individual adaptability in promoting perceived importance and use of best practices for substance use. Journal of Behavioral Health Services & Research, 46(2), 192-216.
    • Becan, J.E., Fisher, J.H., Johnson, I.D., Bartkowski, J., Seaver, R., Gardner, S.K., … Knight, D.K. (2020). Improving Substance Use Services for Juvenile Justice-Involved Youth: Complexity of Process Improvement Plans in a Large Scale Multi-site Study. Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research. doi:10.1007/s10488-019-01007-z
    • Robertson, A., Fang, Z., Weiland, D., Joe, G., Gardner, S., Dembo, R., …Dennis, M. (in press). Recidivism among justice-involved youth: Findings from JJ-TRIALS. Crime and Behavior.
    • Wasserman, G.A., McReynolds, L.S., Taxman, F., Belenko, S., Elkington, K.S., Robertson, A., … Wiley, T.A. (in press). The missing link(age): Multilevel contributors to service uptake failure in youths on community justice supervision. Psychiatric Services.
  • A 6-site pilot trial examined the degree to which the model developed in the 36-site RCT can be adapted to meet unmet needs around STI/HIV risk behaviors and service needs for justice involved youth. Five of 6 participating sites were able to facilitate health and JJ partnerships; 3 developed on-site HIV/STI education and testing protocols, and 2 developed education and referral protocols. Four of 5 sites successfully implemented their protocols. Across the 3 sites that implemented on-site HIV/STI education and testing protocols, 98.5% of youth who were offered agreed to a behavioral risk assessment.

Seven research centers were funded as part of the JJ-TRIALS collaborative: Chestnut Health Systems (PIs: Michael Dennis and Christy Scott), Columbia University (PI: Gail Wasserman), Emory University (PIs: Ralph DiClemente and Gene Brody), Mississippi State University (PI: Angela Robertson), Temple University (PI: Steven Belenko), Texas Christian University (PI: Danica Knight), and the University of Kentucky (PI: Carl Leukefeld).

JJ-TRIALS is funded by the National Institute on Drug Abuse, located in Bethesda, MD. The seven research centers funded as part of the JJ-TRIALS collaborative include Chestnut Health Systems (located in Chicago, IL and Bloomington, IL), Columbia University (in New York City, NY), Emory University (in Atlanta, GA), Mississippi State University (in Mississippi State, MS), Temple University (in Philadelphia, PA), Texas Christian University (in Fort Worth, TX), and the University of Kentucky (in Lexington, KY). Sites that will participate in the JJ-TRIALS initiative are located in Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Mississippi, New York, Texas, Pennsylvania, and Washington, D.C.

Questions about JJ-TRIALS can be addressed to Tisha Wiley.

Seek, Test, and Treat: Addressing HIV in the Criminal Justice System (STTR-CJ)

The Seek, Test, and Treat: Addressing HIV in the Criminal Justice System (STTR-CJ) funded twelve R01 applications that empirically tested the “seek, test, treat, and retain” paradigm with drug abusers in criminal justice populations. Researchers developed, implemented, and tested strategies to increase HIV testing and the provision of HAART to HIV seropositive individuals involved with the criminal justice system, with particular focus on continuity of HAART during and after community re-entry following incarceration.

  • A description of the full cohort of 11,070 criminal justice involved individuals is described in the following publication: Chandler, R., Gordon, M. S., Kruszka, B., Strand, L. N., Altice, F. L., Beckwith, C. G., ... & Golin, C. E. (2017). Cohort profile: seek, test, treat and retain United States criminal justice cohort. Substance abuse treatment, prevention, and policy, 12 (1), 24.

For more information, see: Seek, Test, Treat and Retain

Related RFAs

Source:

  1. Bronson, J., Stroop, J., Zimmer, S., & Berzofsky, M. (2017). Drug use, dependence, and abuse among state prisoners and jail inmates, 2007–2009. Washington, DC: United States Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics .
  2. Mulvey, E. P., Schubert, C. A., & Chassin, L. (2010). Substance Use and Delinquent Behavior Among Serious Adolescent Offenders. Washington, DC: United States Department of Justice, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention .

Overview of the Criminal Justice Drug Abuse Treatment Studies (CJ-DATS) Phase I & II

CJ-DATS logo

CJ-DATS (the national Criminal Justice Drug Abuse Treatment Studies) was launched in 2002 and two initiatives (CJ-DATS-1 and CJ-DATS-2) were carried out from 2002 to 2014. The overarching goal of the CJ-DATS cooperative research programs was to improve both public health and public safety outcomes for substance abusing offenders leaving prison or jail and returning to the community by integrating substance abuse treatment into the criminal justice system. At that time CJ-DATS-1 was launched, an estimated 600,000 inmates were released each year in the United States, with approximately two-thirds having substance misuse problems that, if left unaddressed, could increase the risk of relapse and recidivism to crime.

CJ-DATS was designed to identify ways in which these offenders could benefit from the continuum of effective substance abuse treatment services. CJ-DATS tested several strategies for improving drug abuse treatment services through the coordination with criminal justice assessment, monitoring, and supervision activities. Further, the CJ-DATS initiatives were designed to inform the development of models for integrating evidence-based substance abuse treatment with the criminal justice system. More information on CJ-DATS can be found on our Archive site.